By studying the properties of the mixture of Bell state particles and single photons, the paper designs a quantum code scheme with high coding capacity, and proposes a novel quantum secure direct communication protocol with high transmission efficiency. Alice prepares Bell state particles and single photons, and divides Bell state particles into two sequences $S_A$ and $S_B$. $S_B$ is sent to Bob for the first security check using quantum correlation properties of particles. When the check result shows that the quantum channel is safe, using designed quantum code scheme, Alice encodes her classical message on the mixed quantum state sequence of Bell sequence $S_A$ and single photon sequence $S_S$. Then, some single photons that are used for security check are re-inserted randomly into the encoded sequence, and the order of particles is rearranged to ensure to check Eve's attack. Alice sends the new sequence to Bob. Bob delays and receives it. And then, the quantum channel is conducted security check for the second time. The transmission error rate is calculated, if the error rate is lower than the tolerance threshold, the channel is safe. Bob decodes and reads Alice's message. The first security check is to determine whether quantum channel is safe. The second security check could test whether there are eavesdroppers during information transmission. Safety analysis is done by using quantum information theory to the proposed protocol. The error rate introduced by Eve and the amount of information by Eve are calculated. It is showed that this protocol can effectively resist measurement-resend attack, intercept-resend attack, auxiliary particle attack, denial of service attack and Trojan attack. Among them, auxiliary particle attack is analyzed in details. The transmission efficiency and coding capacity are also analyzed. The transmission efficiency is 2, the quantum bit rate is 1, and the coding capacity is that a quantum state can encode three bits of classical messages. We also compare the proposed protocol to many existing popular protocols in terms of efficiency, e.g., Ping-Pong protocol, Deng,F.G. et al.'s Two-step and One-pad-time quantum secure direct communication protocol, Wang,J. et al.'s quantum secure direct communication protocol based on entanglement swapping and Quan,D.X. et al.'s one-way quantum secure direct communication protocol based on single photon. It is proved that this proposed protocol has higher transmission efficiency. In addition, complex U operation and entanglement swapping are not used, and implementation process is simplified. However, this protocol is devoted to theoretical research of quantum secure direct communication. There are still some difficulties in the practical application. For example, the storage technology of quantum states is not mature at present. It is not easy to prepare and measure Bell state particles and combine them with single photons, and so on. The implementation of this protocol depends on the development of quantum technology in the future.

The structure of an electronegative plasma sheath in an oblique magnetic field is investigated. More over, the collisions between positive ions and neutral particles are taken into account. It is assumed that the system consists of hot electrons, hot negative ions and cold positive ions. Also the negative ions and the electrons are assumed to be described by the Boltzmann distributions of their own temperatures, and the accelerated positive ions are treated by means of the continuity and momentum balance equations through the sheath region. In addition, the assumption that the collision cross section has a power law dependence on the positive velocity is introduced. After theoretical derivation, an exact of sheath criterion is obtained. The numerical simulation results include the distributions of the positive ions density for different invariable ion Mach number satisfying Bohm criterion, the comparison of net space charge distributions for variable and invariable ion Mach number. Furthermore, three species of charged particles density, the net space charge and the spatial electric potential in the sheath are studied numerically for different collision parameters under the condition of the fixed ion Mach number. The results show that the ion Mach number has not only the lower limit but also the upper limit. The ion Mach number affects the sheath structure by influencing the distribution of the positive ion density, and different conclusions can be obtained because ion Mach number is adopted as variable or invariable value while discussing the effects of the other variables which can result in the variety of the ion Mach number on the sheath formation. The reason is the actual sheath structure modification brought on by the variation of a parameter can be resolved into two parts. One is the sheath formation change caused directly by the variation of the parameter, the other is the sheath formation change caused by the Bohm criterion modification which the variation of the parameter results in. Therefore, an identical ion Mach number should be adopted when researching the direct effects of a parameter variety on plasma sheath structure. In addition, it is concluded that the collisions between positive ions and neutral particles make positive ions density curve higher and electrons’ lower than the case without collisions. Negative ions density does not alter significantly whether there exists collision or not. Besides there is a peak in the profile of the net space charge while in the presence of ion-neutral collision and the net space charge peak moves toward the sheath edge. The spatial potential increases and the sheath thickness decreases on account of the presence of the collisions between ions and neutral particles.

In order to compute the multipactor thresholds of microwave devices with high ef?ciency and precision, a novel fast particle-in-cell (PIC) method is proposed, which takes advantages of the frequency-domain (FD) electromagnetic field solver of CST Microwave Studio (MWS). At the initial stage of multipactor (when there are not many electrons in the devices), the self-consistent field generated by the electrons is much smaller than the applied electromagnetic field. Therefore it can be ignored in calculating the multipactor threshold and this will significantly reduce the computation burden. During simulations of multipactor processes, the FD fields pre-calculated by CST MWS are converted into time-domain (TD) scaling with the square root of the input power. Then the electrons are advanced by Boris algorithm. When the electrons hit the boundaries of the simulation region, where triangular facets from CST are used for discretization, the secondary electrons would be emitted. After series of simulations with variable input powers, the multipactor threshold is determined according to time evolutions of the electron number. As verifications, the multipactor thresholds in a parallel plate and a coaxial transmission line are investigated. Compared with the results of CST Particle Studio (PS), the fast method obtains almost the same thresholds, while the computational efficiency is improved more than 1 order of magnitude. Since the self-consistent field generated by the electrons is ignored in the fast method and it is considered in CST PS, the results validate that the self-consistent field can be ignored in calculating the multipactor threshold. Finally, taking a parallel plate transmission line and a stepped impedance transformer as examples, we studied the effects of the number of initial macro-particles on the calculation precision. When the initial particles are so few that it can hardly reflect the randomness of the multipactor process, it results in a higher calculated value. With the increase of the number of initial macro-particles, the calculated multipactor threshold is lower and more accurate. It is convergent when the number reaches about 2000 for the parallel plate transmission line and 4000 for the stepped impedance transformer, respectively. Taking into account other microwave devices with more complex electromagnetic field distribution, in order to ensure precision, it is recommended to select the number of initial macro-particles 8000. In addition, although CST MWS was used to obtain the electromagnetic fields and boundary information in this paper, of course, other electromagnetic software (such as HFSS) can also be adopted as an alternation.

Using effective medium theory to describe acoustic scattering from bubble clouds, one of the underlying assumptions shows that the probability of an individual bubble being located at some position in space is independent of the locations of other bubbles. However, bubbles within naturally occurring clouds are usually influenced by the motion of the fluids which makes they become preferentially concentrated or clustered. According to Weber’s method, it is a useful way to importing spatial correlation function to describe this phenomenon in bubble clouds. The spatial correlation function is contained in acoustic scattering and it is important to notice that the spatial correlation should be dependent of the position and radius of each bubble due to the ‘‘hole correction’’ or the effect of the dynamics of the fluids. Because of these reasons, it is hard to invert the spatial distribution of bubble clouds using spatial correlation function in acoustic scattering. A method is described here in which bubble clouds are separated into many small subareas and the conception called effective spatial correlation function which is the statistic of spatial correlation function used to describe the correlation between each subarea of bubble clouds. Since the effective spatial correlation function is independent of bubbles’ radius and positions, the bubble clouds’ distribution and the trend of clustering can be inverted by using this function. The result of simulation indicates that the effective spatial correlation function can precisely track the position of the clustering center, even the clustering center covered by other bubble clouds can be detected. Using multi-bean sonar measuring the bubbly ship wake generated by a small trial vessel, the method is used to invert the spatial distribution and clustering centers of bubble field in the ship wake. The results show that effective spatial correlation function accurately inverts the distribution and clustering centers of bubbles in ship wake. Furthermore, the method presented in this paper could distinguish the bubble clouds caused by different reasons and detect upper ocean bubble clouds covered by other bubbles generated by wave breaking.

The Helmholtz theorem confirmed that any vector field could be decomposed of gradient and rotational field. The supply and transmission of energy occur during the propagation of electromagnetic wave accompanied by variation of electromagnetic field, thus the dynamical oscillators and neurons can absorb and release energy in presence of complex electromagnetic condition. Indeed, the energy in nonlinear circuit is often time-varying when the capacitor is in charged or discharged, and occurrence of electromagnetic induction is available. Those nonlinear oscillating circuits can be mapped into dynamical systems by using scale transformation. Based on mean field theory, the energy exchange and transmission between electronic field and magnetic field could be estimated by appropriate nonlinear dynamical equations for oscillating circuits. In this paper, it investigates the calculation of Hamilton energy for a class of dimensionless dynamical systems based on Helmholtz’s theorem. Furthermore, scale transformation could be used to develop dynamical equations from the realistic nonlinear oscillating circuit, so the Hamilton energy function could be approached effectively. These results could be much useful for self-adaptive control of dynamical systems.

A first-principles method based on density functional theory has been used to investigate thermodynamic stability and electronic characteristics of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases 14H and 18R (18R(m)，18R(t)) in Mg–Y–Cu alloys. The present calculations are performed using Vienna Ab-initio Simulation Package (VASP) with projector augmented plane wave pseudopotential, and generalized gradient approximation is used to treat with and describe the exchange-correlation interaction. The plane wave cutoff energy is set to 360 eV, the forces on all the atoms is less than 0.02 eV/?. The calculated negative enthalpies of formation show that both 14H and 18R can exist in Mg–Y–Cu system, 14H and 18R are stable with respect to the Mg, Cu and Y elements, the reaction energies indicate that 14H is more stable than 18R. The density of states (DOS) of these phases reveals that the main bonding peaks of 14H is located at energy range between -6.82 eV and 2.09 eV, those of 18R(m) at energy range between -6.82 eV and 2.02 eV, and 18R(t) at energy range between -6.82 eV and 1.98 eV. The Cu 3d orbits, Y 4d orbits, Mg 3s and Mg 2p orbits are broadly distributed in the entire region, while Cu 4s orbits, Y 4s and Y 4p orbits are very weak in whole region. For 14H,18R(m) and 18R(t) phases, the bonding originates mainly from the valence electrons of Mg 3s, Mg2p, Cu 3d and Y 4d orbits. The presence of pseudogap indicates that the bonds in 14H and 18R phases are noticeable covalent. In addition, the charge density on (0 0 0 1) plane of 14H and 18R phases are analyzed, and the results indicate that the Cu-Y bonds exhibits covalent feature in 14H and 18R, the covalent bonding of 14H phase is stronger than that of 18R phase.

The (2+1)-dimensional higher-order Broer-Kaup (HBK) system is studied by nonlocal symmetry method and consistent tanh expansion (CTE) method. In this paper, via the localization of the residual symmetries, the nonlocal symmetries are localized to Lie point symmetries and symmetry groups are also obtained. Many types of soliton solutions and interaction solutions among different nonlinear excitations such as solitons, periodic waves etc. are constructed. In order to study their dynamic behaviors, corresponding images are explicitly given.

The equipments and devices which were long-time running in space were affected by space radiation effects and hot carrier injection effects at the same time which would reduce their optional times. Normally, the single mechanism test simulation method was used on the ground simulation test but the multi-mechanism effects was affected the space equipments and devices, included total irradiation dose effect, hot carrier injection effect, and so on. The total dose dependence of hot carrier injection (HCI) effect in the 0.35μm NMOS Devices was studied in this paper. Three samples were test with different conditions (sample 1# with TID and HCI test, sample 2# with TID, annealing and HCI test, sample 3# only with HCI test). The results shows that threshold voltage of NMOS devices with 5000s HCI test after 100krad (Si) total dose radiation shift negatively then positively during total dose irradiation test and HCI test，and it was more than the devices without radiation test. But the threshold voltage shift of NMOS devices with 5000s HCI test and 200hours annealing test after TID test was more than the devices without radiation test and lower than the devices without annealing test. That was, the parameters of NMOS device varied faster with the association effects (included total dose irradiation effect and HCI effect) than with single mechanism effect. It was indicated that the hot electrons were trapped by the oxide trap charges induced by irradiation effect and then became recombination centre. And then the oxide trap charges induced by irradiation effect reduced and became to negative electronic. The interface trap charges induced by irradiation effect were reduced and then increased and it was because that the electrons of hole-electron pairs in the Si-SiO2 interface were recombined by oxide traps in the oxide during the forepart of HCI test but then the electrons were trapped by interface traps in the Si-SiO2 interface because the electrons from source area were injected to interface during the HCI test. So the threshold voltage shift was positively due to the negative oxide trap charges and interface trap charges. The association effect was attributed to the reduction of oxide traps induced by recombination with hot electrons and the increase of the interface traps induced by irradiating trapped with hot electrons.

As the developing of techlology, noise controlling is paied wide attention in recent years. Noise source identification is the key step for noise controlling. Spherical microphone array, which can located the noise source of arbitrary direction in three dimensional space, is widely used for noise source identification in recent years. Conventional methods for noise source localization include spherical near field acoustic holography and spherical focused beamforming. The acoustic quantities are reconstructed by using spherical near field acoustic holography method to realize the noise source identification, while the noise source can also be located by using focused beamforming based on spherical harmonic wave decomposition. However, both these methods have their own limitations while being used in noise source identification. Spherical near field acoustic holography has low resolution in high frequency with far distance from noise source to measurement array for noise source identification, whereas the spherical focused beamforming has low localization resolution in low frequency. Noise source identification is discussed here and a 64-element microphone spherical array with randomly uniform distribution of elements is designed. The combination methods of noise source identification by using spherical near field acoustic holography and mode decomposition focused beamforming are researched. The performance of the proposed combination methods is simulated, and an experiment of noise source identification is carried out based on the designed spherical microphone array to test the validity of proposed method. The dividing frequency point is when selecting noise source identification methods between near field acoustic holography of spherical wave decomposition by using the spherical array designed in this paper. Research results show that high resolution of noise source identification can be obtained by using near field acoustic holography when reconstruction frequency is with a distance from noise source to the center of spherical array, while high resolution of noise source localization can be achieved by using spherical wave decomposition beamforming when signal’s frequency is with a distance from noise source to the center of spherical array. Spherical array with random uniform distribution of elements maintains stable identification ability in all bearing. Spherical near field acoustic holography has high resolution distinguish ability in near field and low frequency, while focused beamforming method has high resolution distinguish ability in far field and high frequency. Therefore the noise source can be efficiently identified by using the proposed combined method of near field holography and focused beamforming with less elements and small aperture spherical microphone array.

A man-made acoustic structure with broadband low-frequency sound insulation property is designed based on circularly inbuilt Helmholtz resonators. Beyond this structure, a two-dimensional quiet zone can be created. Being the same as the simulating model, an experimental structure is fabricated. Experiments are carried out to study its sound insulation properties. The experimental results are very coincident with the simulating one, which show that this structure has an excellent sound insulation effect in the frequency band of 680-1050Hz, and the maximum insulation sound pressure level can reach 41dB. Meanwhile, the distribution of the two-dimensional sound field above this structure is measured. The results point out that the range of the insulation area can be changed with the change of the incident frequency. In addition, the sound insulation effect is sensitive to the resonant state of the Helmholtz resonators. This work will be of help for designing new sound protection devices.

This paper presents an approach to break through the diffraction limitation in infrared microscopies. In this method, instead of Gaussian pump beam, an intensive vortex beam is firstly focused on the sample, leading to saturation absorption of the peripheral molecules in the point spread function (PSF). The vortex beam is followed by a Gaussian beam with the same wavelength, which can only be absorbed by the molecules near the center, resulting in shrunken PSF which means higher resolution. Furthermore, the PSF of a system based on this approach is numerically simulated. With an 100 nJ pulse energy vortex beam and a 0.1 nJ pulse energy probe beam, the theoretical resolution (full width at half maximum, FWHM) is measured to be about 236 nm which is 14 times better than that of the traditional infrared microscopy.

Apart from neutrons, the fusion core produces gamma rays during one fusion reaction. The spectrum of gamma ray can provide very important information for fusion diagnosis. However, due to the gamma energy and yield in one fusion pulse, the gamma spectrometer used should have high detection efficiency and energy resolution. The concept of a Gamma-to-Electron magnetic spectrometer GEMS provides the idea to build up such a spectrometer to meet this requirement. Based on this concept design, four important parts of this facility are investigated. The first part is the gamma-electron converter. The main physics processes include Compton scattering of gamma ray with converter material generating electron, the electron Multiple Coulomb scattering (MCS) inside the converter and the electron attenuation. Affected by the thickness of convector, these processes gives a complex influence on the detection efficiency and angular-energy distribution of the electrons which are emitted from the downstream face of the convector. The Monte Carlo code Geant4 is employed to investigated the functions of Compton scattering, MCS and converter thick on the angular-energy distribution. The second one is the collimation. The collimation is used to select the forward direction election, the performance of cutoff angle of the collimator on the detection efficiency and resolutions, as well as the correlation between electron transportation direction and energy, are also studied using Geant4 code. The third part is the dipole magnetic field. There are several parameters of geometric and magnetic, therefore, a multi-thread parallelized Genetic algorithm is developed to get the best result. Both the irregular geometry (shape) and dipole magnetic field strength are optimized to achieve the best energy resolution and detection efficiency. The obtained magnetic field has intensity less than 100 Gauss, and its performance on gathering elections is also verified by Geant4 code. The last one is the location of electron detectors. The study shows that all the electron detectors should be located according to not a straight line but a quadratic curve. Then the optimized spectrometer is simulated by Geant4 to get the responses of gamma rays with various energies. For the gammas provided by fusion reaction, the simulation shows that when the neutron yield is about 2.5×1015 and 1.2×1016, the energy resolution reaches 0.5 MeV and 0.25 MeV, respectively, provided that different thick Be converters are employed. All in all, this optimized GEMS can be employed to measure the spectrum of gamma rays generated by the fusion reaction.

In the last decade, the vortex beams have received lots of attention for their orbital angular momentum. When they are applied to optical fiber communication field, the data channels will increase and information propagation speed will be effectively improved. Recently, researchers have shown the capability of long length stably propagation, nonlinear frequency conversion and mode division multiplexing of vortex modes in a ring fiber. Due to the photonic crystal fiber (PCF) has very flexible design degrees of freedom, it will enable a wide range of propagation properties. In this paper, A SiO2 air-holes ring PCF is proposed for separation and propagation of optical vortex modes. By using COMSOL Multiphysics software, the vortex modes(TE01, HE_21^± and TM01) are simulated and calculated. The differences of the effective refractive index between them are 4.59×〖10〗^(-4) and 3.62×〖10〗^(-4) respectively. One can analyze the propagation properties of vortex beams in the ring PCF by changing the size of first layer air holes’ radius and air hole pitch. When the incident light wavelength of TE01 mode ranges from 1650 nm to 1950 nm, this ring PCF can achieve a total dispersion variation between 44.18 to 45.83 ps?nm^(-1)?km^(-1), which is tend to be flat. When incident light wavelength is 1550 nm, the nonlinear coefficient of TE01 mode vortex light is 1.37 W^(-1)?km^(-1); Due to the long wavelength light is easier to leakage through the cladding than the short wavelength light, the confinement loss increases with the wavelength. When incident light wavelength is 2000 nm, there is still an eight-orders-of-magnitude of the low confinement loss. Theoretically, flat dispersion and low loss vortex beams in this fiber can be beneficial to propagate stably, and the vortex modes lay the foundation for long distance propagation in the optical fiber. In the future, this ring PCF will be used in optical fiber communication field and application in aspects such as continuous spectrum research, which can make it have immense advantage to traditional fibers.

Nano-SiO2 was modified by silane coupling agent and modified nano-SiO2 powder and nano-SiO2 dispersing liquid was obtained. Unmodified and modified nano-SiO2/Epoxy composites made by “mechanical mixing method”, and modified namo-Silica/Epoxy composites made by “bubble mixing method” were prepared, respectively. The content of nano-SiO2 in the composite is 2wt%, 3wt%, 4wt%, 5wt% and 6wt%. Breakdown strength and corona-resistance characteristics of the composites were tested. The results show that, with the increase of nano-SiO2 loading, the breakdown strength and corona-resistance of nano-SiO2/Epoxy composites increase. The maximum breakdown strength of namo-Silica/Epoxy composites was appeared when the nano-Silica content is 5wt%. The SEM images of 5wt% nano-Silica loading composites were analyzed by Software Image J, and the Morisita’s Index method was used to evaluate the dispersion of nano-Silica particles in the matrix quantitatively. The best dispersion was found in the composites made by “bubble mixing method”. The relationship between dielectric properties and nano-particle dispersions of nano-Silica/Epoxy composites was discussed.

By using the nonequilibrium Green’s function method, the ballistic thermal rectification in the three-terminal graphene nanojunction is studied. The dynamics of atoms are described by the interatomic fourth-nearest neighbor force-constant model. The nanojunction has a Y-shaped structure, created by a combination of a straight graphene nanoribbon and a leaning branch as the control terminal holding a fixed temperature. No heat flux flows through the control terminal. There exists a temperature bias between the two ends of the graphene nanoribbon served as the left and right terminals, respectively. The primary goal of this paper is to demonstrate that the ballistic thermal rectification can be introduced by the asymmetric structure with different connection angles between terminals. The control terminal has a smaller connection angle with respect to the left terminal than to the right terminal. The forward direction is defined as being from the left terminal to the right terminal. The results demonstrate that, given the same control temperature and absolute temperature bias, the heat flux in the graphene nanoribbon tends to run preferentially along the forward direction. When the difference between the connection angles increases, the rectification ratio rises. Compared to the zigzag graphene nanoribbon, the rectification ratio of the armchair nanoribbon is more sensitive to the direction the control terminal. However, the greatest rectification ratio is found in the zigzag graphene nanoribbon which has a connection angle of 30 degrees with respect to the armchair branch. In addition, the direction of the control terminal can be adjusted to raise more than 50% of the rectification ratio of the graphene thermal recti?er based on the width discrepancy between the left and right terminals. The mechanism of the ballistic thermal recti?cation is also discussed. In the three-terminal graphene nanojunction, a smaller connection angle with respect to the control terminal leads to more phonon scattering. The confirmation of this conclusion comes from a comparison of phonon transmission between different couples of terminals, which shows that, in most of the frequency spectrum, the phonon transmission between the control terminal and the left terminal is smaller than that between the control terminal and the right terminal. Given the same control terminal temperature and temperature bias, the asymmetric connection angles therefore will introduce a higher average temperature of the left and right terminals, and a larger heat flux in the forward process. Moreover, the average temperature difference between in the forward process and in the reverse process is found to be proportional to the temperature bias, and the proportionality coefficient will get bigger if the asymmetry is strengthened.

Acoustic environment has low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); hence, array signal processing is always used for noise reduction and signal enhancement. Because the delay-and-sum beamforming method performs robust, so it is almost widely used, but the array gain is limited by the array aperture. The actual underwater ambient noise is complex, which includes uncorrelated noise and correlated noise. The noise power of each array element is unequal. The noise covariance matrix is not a scaled identity matrix. Consequently, the performance of array signal processing method decreases obviously. Aiming at these two problems, the diagonal reducing method of the covariance matrix in the complex noise fields is proposed. Firstly, a reducing matrix, which is defined as a diagonal matrix with unequal diagonal elements, is subtracted from the covariance matrix so as to reduce the noise, and a new matrix is obtained. Secondly, the delay-and-sum beamforming is done by using the new matrix to obtain the beaming output. The analytic solution and approximate solution of reducing matrix are obtained under the constraint condition that the output SNR attains its maximum. Thirdly, the estimation of the reducing matrix is determined by minimizing the function that is defined as the error between the covariance matrix and the estimated covariance matrix. This minimization problem is accomplished in an iterative method. Fourthly, if the noise is uniform white noise or the nonuniform white noise, this proposed method performs well. While, under the complex noise field the performance of the proposed method may be deteriorated. So the effects of the correlation of the noise field and the input SNR on the estimated error is analyzed. In fact, the weaker the correlation is, or the smaller the input SNR is, the smaller the estimated error is. Lastly, the simulation experiment and the lake trial are implemented. The simulation results show that the diagonal reducing method of the covariance matrix reduces some ambient noise, the noise output power is decreased, the output SNR is increased, and the proposed method improves performance of array signal processing. The experimental results show that the output SNR of the target using the proposed method is increased by about 14 dB. The diagonal reducing method of covariance matrix has definite value to engineering application, and is computationally attractive.

Biot model is widely applied in geophysics, petroleum engineering, civil engineering and ocean engineering since it has been presented. This leads to a considerable development of the research on the wave propagation in saturated porous medium. However, fully saturated porous medium is rarely found in nature, almost all the rocks or soils contain two kinds of fluid, such as gas and petroleum. So many researches has been done on the wave propagation in unsaturated porous medium by domestic and abroad scholars. It is well known that the presence of a small volume of gas bubbles in a liquid can greatly alter the velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves in the liquid. Evidence is beginning to accumulate that the velocity and attenuation of acoustic waves in a saturated marine sediment can be affected by the presence of gas bubbles in the saturating liquid. To investigate the sound propagation in porous media when the pore water contains a small amount of air bubbles, this paper integrates the volume vibration of bubbles in pore water into the continuity equation of pore-fluid filtration in porous media based on Biot theory, so as to obtain the continuity equation of pore-fluid filtration with bubble volume vibration. On this basis, according to the relationship between the instantaneous radius of bubbles and the background pressure of the medium under the linear vibration of bubbles, as well as the equations of motion of the fluid medium and porous medium, a new displacement vector wave equation of porous media under the influence of bubbles is derived, which establishes the model for the sound velocity dispersion and attenuation prediction under the unsaturated porous media. The presence of air bubbles increases the compressibility of pore fluid, which leads to the decrease in the sound velocity of the bubbly saturated porous media. When the wave frequency equals to the resonance frequency of the bubbles, the bubbles in pore water will produce resonance; the medium will present to be highly dispersive and the velocity can greatly exceed the gas-free velocity, but these have not been measured in field data; and the absorption cross section of the air bubble can reach the maximum, which leads to the maximum attenuation of the porous media. It should be noted that the attenuation coefficient calculated with this model is related to the damping of bubble motion(radiation, thermal and internal friction) and the dissipation of the relative motion between the pore water and porous solid frame. The obtained numerical analysis is consistent with the above conclusions, which indicates that the volume concentration, the bubble size and the excitation frequency of sound field are important parameters affecting the sound wave propagation in the saturated porous media containing few bubbles.

In the neutronics simulation of nuclear reactor, the uncertainties associated to the integral parameters due to the uncertainties in nuclear data are usually quantified using the sensitivity and uncertainty (S/U) analysis method based on the perturbation theory. S/U analysis method is only applicable to the linear model, moreover neutronics code generally can not be directly used in sensitivity analysis. Sampling approach, which evaluating the uncertainties by performing a set of stochastic simulations, is easy to implement and the uncertainties quantified is close to exact. The function of uncertainty quantification based on sampling approach have been added to uncertainty analysis code SURE. Before applying the sampling method to the uncertainty quantification in the simulation of complex problems, it is necessary to carry out a careful verification. The uncertainties of the calculated effective neutron multiplication factor keff for two selected simple critical benchmark experimental model are quantified using SU method and sampling method respectively. The keff uncertainties due to all nuclides and reaction types nuclear data quantified by two methods are in good agreement, and the correctness of the sampling function of SURE code is verified. The keffs distributions from sampling method obey normal distribution, which embodies a linear relation between input nuclear data and output keff in the range of the uncertainty range of nuclear data, and sensitivity analysis method is adaptable to quantify uncertainty of calculated keff.

The Monte Carlo intra-nuclear cascade program CBIM has been developed for describing nuclear reactions involving protons, neutrons and pions on complex nuclei. In order to describe cascade process, several simplifications have been made in the following: firstly, neither reaction, reflection, refraction, nor ionization will be taken into account before the incident particle enters the target nucleus; secondly, target nucleus is regarded as spherical and the atom number should be greater than 2; thirdly, the knocked nucleon is determined by cross section sampling; last, in the center-of-mass frame, the scattering angle is sampled based on differential cross section distribution.. The basis physics model bases on the above assumptions and Bertini intra-nuclear cascade model; meanwhile, nucleon-nucleon angle differential distributions of INCL in the center-of-mass frame have been introduced to overcome the shortage of Bertini model. The interactions between nucleon and nucleon or between nucleon and pion, for example, elastic scattering, pion production and charge exchange, are simulated in the code. In the particles collision, the nucleon density changes with the target nucleus radius; and the interaction cross sections refer to 22 kinds of experimental cross sections in Bertini model. The intra-nuclear cascades induced by 45MeV~3500MeV neutron, proton or pion below 2500MeV can be simulated by this code. Finally, comparisons with experiment on reaction cross section over the energy range 60~378MeV, and some simulation results by MCNPX, GEANT4 and PHITS over the energy range 65~3000MeV, the CBIM results are in reasonable agreement with them over the broad energy range considered.

Abstract: Moving target imaging (MTI) plays an important role in practical applications. How to capture dynamic images of the targets with high quality is a front-burner issue in the field of MTI. In order to improve the reconstruction quality, a new MTI model based on compressed sensing (CS) is proposed here, applying a sampling protocol of the row-scanning together with a motion measurement matrix constructed by our own. It is proved by the simulation and the experimental results that a relatively higher quality can be achieved through this approach. Furthermore, an evaluation criterion of reconstructed images is introduced to analyze the relationship between the imaging quality and the moving speed of the target. By contrast, the performance of our algorithm is much better than that of traditional CS algorithms under the same moving speed condition. As a result, it suggests that our imaging method may have a great application prospect in the earth observation of unmanned aerial vehicles, video monitoring in the product line and other fields.

Spanwise-rotating turbulent plane Couette flow (RPCF) is one of the fundamental prototypes for wall-bounded turbulent flows in the rotating reference frames. In this turbulent problem, there are large-scale roll cells, which are widely studied. In this paper, a penta-decomposition method is proposed to separate the instantaneous velocity and the total kinetic energy into five parts, including a mean part, a streamwise part and a cross-flow part of the secondary flow, and a streamwise part and a cross-flow part of the residual field, aimed to explore the energy balance and transfer among different shares of the turbulent kinetic energy in RPCF at Reynolds number Rew=Uwh/ν=1300 (here, Uw is the half the wall velocity difference, and h is half channel-height) and rotation number Ro=2Ωzh/Uw (Ωz is the constant angular velocity in the spanwise direction) in the range of 0≤Ro≤0.9. The results show that the energy is transferred between streamwise part (cross-flow part) of secondary flows and residual field through the correlation between the vorticity of secondary flows and shear stress of residual field. The rotation term acts as a bridge to transfer the energy between streamwise part and cross-flow part of secondary flows (residual field). Moreover, pressure-strain redistribution term also plays an important role in the energy transfer between streamwise part and cross-flow part in residual field. For the streamwise part of residual field, in certain rotate rates, the energy obtained from the streamwise part of secondary flows is larger than that got from mean flow, implying that the streamwise motions of secondary flows have a significant impact on the streamwise motions of residual field.

Take the binary one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal based on Fibonacci quasiperiodic structure as an object, on the basis of the photonic bandgap characteristics of the structure with different initial sequence and number of period, a novel structure of one-dimensional plasma photonic crystal is proposed in this paper to enlarge the omnidirectional photonic bandgap (OPBG). Compared with previously reported structures in literatures, this structure is simpler in configuration with fewer layers and materials, and its OPBG width is wider. The influence of the parameters of the plasma material, such as the thickness, plasma frequency and collision frequency, on the OPBG characteristics of this structure is systematically discussed and compared with that of the structure in literatures. The research results can provide important theoretical guidance for the design of novel omnidirectional reflectors.

Since its discovery in 2004, graphene has attracted great attention because of its unique chemical bonding structure, which has excellent chemical, thermal, mechanical, electrical and optical properties. Due to the zero band gap material, graphene has limited its development in the field of Nano Electronics. Only expanding the band gap of the graphene can promote the application of graphene in Nano Electronics. In this paper, we constructed three models of intrinsic graphene, N-doped graphene and B-doped graphene. The energy band structures, electronic density of states and optical properties of N/B doped graphene with intrinsic graphene and different doping concentrations were studied. The absorption spectra, the reflection spectra, the refractive index, the conductivity and the dielectric function were studied. The study shows that the electronic states near the Fermi level of N/B doped graphene are mainly composed of C-2p and N-2p/B-2p orbitals, and N/B doping can induce the change of the Fermi level and the photoelectric properties of graphene. The conclusion of this paper can provide a theoretical basis for the application of graphene in optoelectronic devices.

It is significant to realize effective defocus image restoration for acquiring clear image in military and geological examination field. Most of existing algorithms have the problems of large computational cost, ringing and noise sensitivity, hence a novel approach by iterative joint bilateral filtering under Bayesian framework is proposed. Firstly, it utilizes defocus image depth estimation to compute the point spread function in the Bayesian framework. Then a minimum optimization problem is built to represent the blind restoration problem. After inferring the solution procedure of the minimum optimization problem, we find that the joint bilateral filters can be used to search the optimal solution, which not only simplify the searching procedure but also reduce the computational cost. Finally, an iterative joint bilateral filtering was designed to realize the image restoration. That means the original restored image obtained from the bilateral filtering is used to design the guide image for the joint bilateral filters, and the guide image will serve as the input of the optimization problem for acquiring the better optimal result. This procedure was repeated until convergence. The experiment results indicate that this method can yield the ringing, reduce the computational cost and remove the noise. Generally speaking, the average pixel error of 85% images is under 0.03, which has improved 19% comparing with the same error rang of existing algorithms. And 78% shorter than those of compared algorithms. It can be used in the engineering practice of blind restoration for single defocus image.

The secondary Bjerknes force between bubbles in an acoustic field is a well-known acoustic phenomenon. The major theoretically researches of the secondary Bjerknes force were owing to two spherical bubbles. The secondary Bjerknes force between two spherical bubbles which is calculated based on the linear equations is very small and negligible, therefore these theoretically researches did not give a well explanation for the phenomenon, such as “streamer formation” and Multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL). Experiments of sonoluminescence (SL) show that bubbles in a sound field are not entirely spherical bubbles. Nonspherical effects have an important influence on the secondary Bjerknes force when two bubbles come close to each other in a strong acoustic field (>1.0×〖10〗^5 Pa). How does the shape distortion of a nonspherical bubble cause the change of the secondary Bjerknes force between two bubbles, and the secondary Bjerknes force how to affect the oscillation and movement of bubbles are major problems which we wish to solve. The of the secondary Bjerknes force between a nonspherical bubble and a spherical bubble is obtained by considering the shape oscillation of a nonspherical bubble. We numerical simulate the secondary Bjerknes force between a nonspherical bubble and a spherical bubble based on the nonlinear oscillation equations of two bubbles, and compare the secondary Bjerknes force between a nonspherical bubble and a spherical bubble to the secondary Bjerknes force between two spherical bubbles in the same condition. We discuss the influence of nonspherical effects on the secondary Bjerknes force between two bubbles. The results show that when the amplitude of driving pressure is greater than the Blake threshold of a nonspherical bubble and makes the bubble oscillate stably, the secondary Bjerknes force between this nonspherical bubble and a spherical bubble is different to the secondary Bjerknes force between two spherical bubbles in direction and magnitude. The secondary Bjerknes force between a nonspherical bubble and a spherical bubble is much bigger than that of two spherical bubbles. The interactional distance of the secondary Bjerknes force between a nonspherical bubble and a spherical bubble is further than that of two spherical bubbles. The secondary Bjerknes force between a spherical bubble and a nonspherical bubble depends on the radii of two bubbles, distance between two bubbles, shape mode of the nonspherical bubble and the amplitude of driving pressure. Our research is more close to the actual bubbles in liquid. We also prove that big mutual interaction between bubbles is mainly cause for the formation of a stable structure between bubbles. For bubbles, big mutual interaction causes the cavitation become easier. These results are important to explain the phenomenon in an acoustic field, such as “streamer formation” and Multi-bubble sonoluminescence (MBSL).

Due to their spontaneous polarization, ferroelectric materials have excellent dielectric, piezoelectric, pyroelectric and other properties, which enable them to be used in many applications, such as capacitors, filters, sensors, detectors, and transducers, among others. In this paper, we employ a first-principles-based effective Hamiltonian method to investigate perovskite SnTiO$_3$, obtaining essential coefficients for the effective Hamiltonian via ab initio computations, which are used in subsequent Monte-Carlo simulations to predict the phase transition temperature of SnTiO$_3$, and different structural phases involved in such phase transition.

A highly nonlinear microstructured fiber with single-zero-dispersion wavelength was designed and drawn by reducing the core area in order to observe two groups of four-wave mixing by a single pump. The foundational material of the fiber was silica and its cladding was consisted of seven layer air holes. The air holes were arranged in a hexagonal lattice and the lattice pitch was Λ=2.5 μm, the radius of the air holes were r=1.03 μm. There was just one zero-dispersion wavelength in our considerable wavelength range for the microstructured fiber and the corresponding wavelength was near λ_D=0.85 μm. The basic properties of the fiber including effective refractive index, dispersion coefficient, and nonlinear coefficient were calculated by finite element method. The effective mode area was 4.4〖 μm〗^2 and the nonlinear coefficient was 0.057 m^(-1) W^(-1) for the foundation mode near the wavelength of 0.8 μm, and the nonlinear coefficient reached 0.053 m^(-1) W^(-1) near the zero dispersion wavelength of 0.85 μm. In short, the optical fiber had a stable and high nonlinear coefficient in the whole experimental band (0.80 μm~0.83 μm) which provided an important guarantee for the occurrence of four-wave mixing double parameter gain process. In addition, the phase mismatch curve was simulated by using the four-wave mixing phase mismatch formulation. Numerical simulation shown that two sets of four-wave mixing processes could occur in the designed fiber. At the normal dispersion wavelengths of 0.800 μm, 0.810 μm and 0.820 μm with different powers, the experiment result shown a significant feature of four gain wavebands located at both sides of the pump wavelength. By comparing experimental data with the phase mismatch curve, we found that the band generation meet four-wave mixing phase matching condition, thus, the simultaneous occurrence of two groups of four-wave mixing processes observed in the experiment was explained in theory. The experimental results agreed well with the theoretical predictions. This also proved the theoretical predictions that two sets of parametric gain processes and two pairs of signal and idle frequency waves can be generated in PCF. The four-wave mixing effect occurred at the normal dispersion region could be attributed to the contribution of negative fourth-order dispersion to the phase matching process. The present work can provide valuable reference to the design of microstructure fibers and the development of multi-wavelength conversion technology based on four-wave mixing effect. At the same time, this work could also supply guidance for the development of uncommon waveband lasers and broadband light sources.

Available experimental and theoretical studies have demonstrated that Ti3AlC2 and Ti3SnC2 compounds exhibit excellent mechanical properties at high temperatures, which render it a promising candidate as a high-temperature structural material. However, these compounds have a relatively low hardness, Young’s modulus, and poor oxidation resistance compared with other MAX phases. In order to overcome these limits, solid solutions on the M, A and/or X sites of the MAX phase compound is considered as a promising strategy to further improve the mechanical properties. Most recently the solid solutions of Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 have been synthesized. However, no theoretical work has focused on the Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 solid solutions so far. Therefore, in this work, we has performed first-principles calculation to study the microstructure, phase stability, electronic, mechanical and thermal properties of Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 solid solutions. Particularly, the effect of Sn concentration (x) on the properties is discussed for the Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 solid solutions by varying x from 0 to 1.0 in the step of 0.25. All present ab initio calculations were carried out based on density-functional theory (DFT) method, as implemented in the Cambridge Serial Total Energy Package (CASTEP) code. The electron-ion interactions were described by Vanderbilt-type ultrasoft pseudo-potentials with generalized gradient approximation (GGA-PW91) exchange-correlation function. The equilibrium crystal structures were fully optimized by independently modifying lattice parameters and internal atomic coordinates, and we employed the Broyden–Fletcher–Goldfarb–Shanno (BFGS) minimization scheme to minimize the total energy and inter-atomic forces. For the reciprocal-space integration, a Monkhorst–Pack grid of 16×16×4 was used to sample the Brillouin-zone (BZ) for Ti3AlC2, Ti3SnC2 compound and 8×8×2 for 2×2×1 supercell Ti3(SnxAl1-x)4C2 (x=0.25-0.75) compounds. Present calculated results of the enthalpy formation energy and mechanical stability criteria indicate that all the Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 (x=0.0~1.0) solid solutions are thermodynamic and elastically stable. Moreover, mechanical properties (including bulk modulus B and shear modulus G), the ductile and brittle behavior and the anisotropic factors of Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 solid solutions have been investigated, and the results indicate that all these compounds are identified as brittle materials and isotropic in nature. On the other hand, the MAX phases are good thermal materials due to their high thermal conductivity varying from 12 to 60 W/(mK) at room temperature. As for the thermal conductivity, it has become one of the most fundamental and important physical properties of the MAX phase materials, especially for applications at elevated temperatures. Therefore, the lattice thermal conductivity, the minimum thermal conductivity and temperature dependent of the lattice thermal conductivity of Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 solid solutions have been studied. Furthermore, Debye temperature and melting point of the Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 compounds are also reported. Present results predict that all Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 compounds have a relative high Debye temperature and melting point, indicating that all Ti3(SnxAl1-x)C2 compounds possess a rather stiff lattice and good thermal conductivity.

Adopting the Nano EuB6 and Eu2O3 powder as activator raw materials, this paper proposes one-step and two-step under atmospheric pressure condition of preparation for the CaAlSiN3: Eu2+ red phosphors. Moreover, the paper analyses the crystal structure, morphology and Luminescence properties of different doped Eu2+ concentration (2% ~ 10%) sample. According to EDS and XRD analysis, it shows that implementing the two-step synthetic samples with the increase of the Eu concentration (2% ~ 10%) cell volume will gradually increase and the B content in the samples increases. Meanwhile, implementing one-step synthesis of sample with the increase of concentration of Eu samples cell volume decreases eventually after increased for a while, and B content in the samples becomes relatively less than that in the samples mentioned before, O content becomes larger. In addition, under the 460 nm blue light excitation, the two-step synthetic samples (Nano EuB6 doped) has strongest emission peak in 650 ~ 680 nm range, and samples of one-step synthesis (Nano Eu2O3 doped) has strongest emission peak only in 630 ~ 640 nm range, and the intensity of fluorescence of the former one is stronger than that of the latter. Combined with XRD and fluorescence spectral data is considered as two preparation methods of atmospheric nitrogen that can make boron element is introduced into the substrate, the introduction of boron not only reduces the oxygen content in the matrix but also changes of Eu ions of the crystal field environment to adjust CaAlSiN3: Eu2+ phosphor’s Luminescence peak position. This experiment adopts a simple method to avoid expensive and complex pressure sintering equipment, and also reduces gas sintering equipment. Therefore it is easy for industrial application and reduces the production cost.

An anisotropic Heisenberg ferromagnetic spin chain model are studied by using Holstain-Primakoff representation. In the semiclassical limit the exact solution for bright and dark solitons are found by using the coherent-state method combined with the Holstein-Primakoff bosonic representation of spin operators. The results show that these solutions may be expressed in terms of the elliptic integrals during different parameter regions. The solution of dark solitons is the innovation of this paper.